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Freudenberg Group
The Freudenberg Group is a German family-owned diversified group of companies whose products include housewares and cleaning products, automobile parts, textiles, building materials, and telecommunications. Its headquarters are in Weinheim, Baden-Württemberg, and it has production facilities and markets in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the United States. The parent company was founded in 1849 as a producer of leather goods.
==History==
The company was founded in 1849 by Carl Johann Freudenberg, the son of a wine merchant,〔Johannes Hucke, "Weingut Carl Freudenberg, Weinheim," in ''Bergstraße Weinlesebuch: die Winzer der Badischen und der Hessischen Bergstrasse von Süd nach Nord; mit kulinarischen, anekdotischen und sogar landeskundlichen Hinweisen'', Regio Guide 6, Karlsruhe: Info, 2009, ISBN 978-3-88190-504-6, pp. 191–95, (p. 195 ) 〕 and his partner, Heinrich Christoph Heintze; the two took over a tannery at Weinheim. For the next 80 years, the company produced leather products exclusively.〔Martin Scheele, ("Familie Freudenberg: Die Wischmopp-Millionäre," ) ''Manager Magazin'' 22 January 2004 〕〔Dietmar H. Lamparter, ("Von der Kunst des Häutens: Freudenberg – oder wie aus einer kleinen Gerberei ein breit aufgestellter Industriekonzern wurde," ) ''Die Zeit'' 27 February 2011 〕 Hurt by the worldwide economic depression that began in 1929, and by shortages during World War II, it diversified into seals for motors made first of leather and later of artificial rubber (the Simmerring, named for an engineer called Walther Simmer),〔Christian Sywottek, ("Das Matroschka-Prinzip," ), interview with Wolfram Freudenberg, ''Brand Eins'' October 2008 〕 which led to fabrics and to cleaning fabrics and tools when it was noted that the company's cleaning ladies were using discarded scraps of the experimental fabrics.〔〔 Vileda (from (ドイツ語:wie Leder), "like leather") window-cleaning cloths were first marketed in 1948.〔Tina Grant, ''International Directory of Company Histories'', Gale Virtual Reference Library, volume 41 Detroit: St. James, 2001, ISBN 978-1-55862-682-9, (p. 171 ).〕
In the mid-1990s the company reorganized with a "highly decentralized organizational structure": it has 16 divisions or areas of business incorporating 430 independent units.〔〔, under (Business Groups ) the company lists the following four Business Areas, each of which incorporates several Business Groups: Seals and vibration control technology; nonwovens and filtration; household products; specialties and others. See also (Company Structure ), Freudenberg Group.〕〔In 2008, 434 subsidiary companies: Sywottek, cited in Jörn Hendrich Block, ''Long-Term Orientation of Family Firms: An Investigation of R & D investments, Downsizing Practices, and Executive Pay'', Thesis, Technical University of Munich, Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2009, (p. 102, note 188 ).〕 Three-quarters of its business is as a supplier to other companies.〔Bolke Behrens, "Freudenberg-Gruppe bewahrt beharrlich den Familiencharakter: Ein ganz unauffälliges Weltunternehmen," ''Handelsblatt'' January 24, 2005, (p. 3 ) 〕 In 2004 Freudenberg had employees in 43 countries.〔〔53 in 2008, according to Sywottek.〕〔, 58 countries: (Freudenberg Group ), retrieved 13 April 2013.〕 Recently it has focused attention on markets in China and Japan; for example, it provided the floor coverings for the Shanghai Metro stations.〔Scheele, (p. 3 ).〕
In 2002 the company closed its last leather tannery, marking the effective end of the leather industry in Germany.〔 However, today Vileda is a market leader in Europe.〔Manfred von Dworschak, ("Hygiene: Materie am falschen Ort," ), ''Der Spiegel'' 2 October 2000 〕 All German cars contain parts made by another Freudenberg subsidiary, and German-made outdoor clothing contains fibers made by yet another.〔 Almost all major airports have flooring made by another Freudenberg subsidiary.〔Behrens, (p. 1 ).〕 In 2014 the group was a 7 billion euro business with more than 40,000 employees, approximately 11,000 in Germany. Revenues rose from 6.6 billion euros in 2013 to 7.039 billion in 2014.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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